Which of the following is NOT a common application of biopharmaceuticals?

The development of antibiotics is not typically categorized as a common application of biopharmaceuticals. Biopharmaceuticals primarily refer to products that are produced using biotechnology, often involving living organisms such as cells or microorganisms to create therapies. This includes a range of products like monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and gene therapies, which are specifically designed to treat diseases or conditions.

In contrast, antibiotics have traditionally been small-molecule drugs, many of which are derived from natural sources like fungi and bacteria, rather than being produced through biotechnology processes. While some modern antibiotics are being developed using biotechnological methods, they do not fall into the category of biopharmaceuticals in the same way that therapies designed specifically for genetic disorders, cancer, or viral infections do.

The other applications mentioned, such as the treatment of genetic disorders (e.g., gene therapy), management of cancer therapies (e.g., monoclonal antibodies), and prevention of viral infections (e.g., vaccines), are all well-established uses of biopharmaceuticals, highlighting how these products are integral to modern medical treatments.