What is the application of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products called?

The application of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products is referred to as biotechnology. This field encompasses various techniques and processes that leverage biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof to create products and services that benefit humanity. For example, biotechnology plays a crucial role in the development of medicines, agricultural improvements, biofuels, and environmental solutions.

Biotechnology integrates knowledge from multiple disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and engineering, to innovate and solve problems. Its broad applicability makes it vital in industries such as healthcare, food production, and environmental management.

While biochemistry focuses on the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms, and microbiology studies microscopic organisms, including bacteria and viruses, these subjects are more specific areas within the broader field of biotechnology. Genomics, on the other hand, pertains to the study of genomes and genetic material, contributing to our understanding of genetics but not encompassing the full spectrum of product development that defines biotechnology.