What does the term 'metagenomics' refer to?

The term 'metagenomics' specifically refers to the analysis of environmental microbial communities' genetic material. This field has emerged as a powerful tool in understanding the diverse array of microorganisms present in various environments, such as soil, ocean water, and our own bodies, without the need for isolating and culturing individual species in laboratory conditions.

By directly sequencing the genetic material extracted from environmental samples, researchers can obtain a comprehensive view of the genetic diversity and functional potential of these microbial communities. This approach allows scientists to uncover the roles of many previously uncharacterized organisms, their interactions, and their contributions to ecosystems.

This methodology contrasts significantly with more traditional genetic studies that focus on isolated specimens or specific human genomes. It also differs from genetic modification, which centers around altering the genetics of individual organisms, rather than examining the collective genetic landscape of a community. Therefore, option B accurately captures the essence of metagenomics and its application in biotechnology and environmental sciences.